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Содержание работы или список заданий
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ВАРИАНТ 1.
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
JOSEPH LISTER
(1827 -1912)
1. Joseph Lister was an English surgeon and pioneer of antisepsis.
2. Working at Edinburgh, he was also appointed a professor of clinical surgery at Glasgow, where he was one of the few to understand the implications of Louis Pasteur recent work on fermentation and the beginnings of the germ theory.
3. When Joseph Lister was a student at Edinburgh, he decided not only to practice medicine, but also to conduct research to improve medical knowledge. 4. Lister’s research required considerable sacrifice and dedication, as it was undertaken at night after a full working day in the hospital.
5. In Edinburgh Hospital where Lister worked, almost half of the surgery patients died from infections. 6. Surgeons thought that it could nothing be done about these infections, because they arose spontaneously inside the wound. 7. In order to prevent infection Lister began to search the solution of the most actual problem of that time. 8. He studied the work of European bacteriologists, notably that of Louis Pasteur. 9. When he read Pasteur’s work on germs he immediately applied Pasteur’s thinking to the problem he investigated. 10. He concluded that inflammation was the result of germs entering and developing in the wound. 11. Since Pasteur’s sterilization by heat could not be applied to the living organism, Lister sought a chemical substance to destroy the germs. 12. He learned that carbolic acid was used as an effective disinfectant and could be safely used for human body.
13. Facilities for washing hands or the patient’s wounds did not exist and it was even considered unnecessary for the surgeon to wash his hands before he saw patient. 14. Lister was of another opinion, he used carbolic acid to wash his hands, his instruments and the bandages used in the operation.
15. The more he used these techniques the more sufficient data to show that his methods were a success Lister had. 16. This led to the rise of sterile surgery. 17. Some consider Lister “the father of modern antisepsis”.
18 However, widespread acceptance of Lister’s procedure was rather slow, as is often the case with revolutionary new ideas.
19. Joseph Lister’s behavior with his patients was quite a contrast to those surgeons who believed that such involvement would somehow lessen the respect of patients to their doctors. 20. Over the next 12 years Lister continued to develop new surgical techniques by applying his antiseptic principle. 21. In 1880 he introduced catgut for internal stitches. as this would subsequently dissolve. 22. In later years, Joseph Lister was given he most prestigious positions by the scientific community in recognition of his contribution to medicine.
Пояснения к тексту
sacrifice – самопожертвование
catgut – нить кетгут
Выполните следующие задания письменно.
II.Выберите информацию, которая соответствует содержанию текста:
The text is about:
a) Joseph Lister’s education at Edinburgh University;
b) Surgery in Joseph Lister ’s time;
c) Joseph Lister’s contribution into world medicine;
d) Joseph Lister’s work at the hospital.
III. а) Напишите номера вопросов, на которые нет ответов в тексте.
в) Найдите в тексте ответы на остальные вопросы, перепишите ответы и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Where was Joseph Lister born?
2. What were the Joseph Lister’s parents ?
3. Where did Joseph Lister study?
4. Why did Joseph Lister’s research require considerable sacrifice and
dedication ?
5. What paper did Joseph Lister publish?
6. Why did future surgeons know little about the structure of the human
body?
7. What were operations like in Joseph Lister’s days?
8. What contribution did Joseph Lister make to the organic chemistry?
9. What field of surgery did Joseph Lister work in?
10. What is the significance of Joseph Lister in the field of surgery and hospital practice?
IV. а) Выпишите из данных предложений предложение, где слово, оформленное окончанием “s” служит показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Simple Active. Предложение переведите. (Образец выполнения № 1 )
1. The supplies of deposits of the earth surface are not equal.
2. The chemist’s shop supplies patients with medicines of Russian and foreign make.
3. The supply of chemist’s shops with medicines and medical goods is of great importance.
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного. Предложение переведите .
1. The temperature often changes the state of human body.
2. The change of temperature was studied by the meteorologists in winter last year.
3. The changes of temperature have influenced the properties of substance.
в) Выпишите из текста предложение, где слово, оформленное окончанием “s” служит показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Предложение переведите.
V. а) Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее сравнительную конструкцию the … the …. Предложение переведите.
( Образец выполнения № 2 )
б) Выпишите из текста предложение с прилагательными в превосходной степени. Напишите это прилагательное в положительной и сравнительной степени с переводом. Предложение переведите.
в) Напишите перевод следующих прилагательных, подчеркните суффиксы, с помощью которых они образованы.
essential, surgical, incurable, hopeless, painless, numerous; sufficient.
г) Напишите в три колонки номера прилагательных:
а) в положительной степени; в) в сравнительной степени;
с) в превосходной степени.
1. dark; 2. heavier; 3. more difficult; 4. shorter; 5. least; 6. little; 7. the best;
8. the most important; 9. weakest; 10. more; 11. the brightest;
12. sensitive.
VI. а) Перепишите существительные, подчеркните суффиксы, при помощи которых они образованы, переведите.
physician, treatment, opportunity, surgery, complication, structure; supervision.
в) Определите какой частью речи являются ниже перечисленные слова, например, a) 0 , …….; b) ……;
a) существительные; b) прилагательные;
0. absorption;
1. translation; 2. movement; 3. powerful; 4. scientific; 5. pressure;
6. capable; 7. teacher; 8. solution; 9. medicinal; 10. technology; 11. scientist; 12. nature; 13. attentive; 14. temperature; 15. importance; 16. special.
VII. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению со сказуемым в Past Simple Active, Past Simple Passive. Подчеркните глагол сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог; напишите форму инфинитива. Предложения переведите.
(Образец выполнения №3)
VIII. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заместители.
1. The regime of the work of the specialized pharmacies is the same as those of the traditional pharmacies.
2. The students study both general subjects and special ones.
3. The role of the pharmacist has changed from that of a compounder and supplier of pharmaceutical goods to a provider of services and information.
4. Oxygen plays as great role in vital activities as hydrogen does.
5. The practice of pharmacy is a new one in contrast to that pharmacists had some years ago.
IX. Выберите правильный вариант ответа, Предложения с оборотом there+be перепишите и переведите:
1. There … information about the rules for drug taking in the next bulletin.
a) is b) was c) will be
2. There … still no drug for the treatment of this disease last year.
a ) is b) were c) was
ВАРИАНТ I.
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст.
COMPOSITION OF AIR
1. The scientific studies of atmosphere composition began in the 18th century. 2. The composition of atmosphere was discussed by early chemists all over the world. 3. The ancient Greek regarded air as the composition of four elements. 4. The first chemists to make measurements of composition of atmosphere were Johseph Priestley and Antonie Lavoisier.
5. In the late 19 and early 20th centuries interest to the composition of air moved on from studying to consideration of how the concentrations of gases in the atmosphere changed over time and the chemical processes which create and destroy compounds in air. 6. Scientists understood that air was not a single substance. 7. It was made of a number of gases mixed together. 8. It was impossible to stop gases mixing together. 9. “Air” is the name we give to the mixture of gases which make up the Earth atmosphere. 10. The air doesn’t stop suddenly, so it is impossible to say exactly how deep the atmosphere is.
11. Speaking about air modern chemists say that it is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with small quantity of other gases. 12. The composition of air varies and depends on plants and animals controlling the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide by photosynthesis and respiration. 13. Local additions to the composition of air depend on the surroundings, including wind direction, time of time day and season of the year. 16. Scientists studying the composition of air take into account such factors as natural processes and human activities.
14. Nowadays the main gases in the air are oxygen and nitrogen. 15. The important reasons to be noted are interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. 16. Some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. 27. Scientists have to underline such problems as acid rain, photochemical smog and global warming. 18. In the 21st century the composition of air is studied as one part of the Earth system. 19. In order to synthesize and test theoretical understanding of atmosphere computers and satellites are used.
20. Observations of chemical composition tell us about changes in atmospheric composition over time. 21. A series of measurements show a steady rise in the concentration of carbon dioxide and global air pollution.
II. Расставьте пункты плана согласно логике текста:
1. Global air pollution.
2. The history of studying air.
3. Air is a complex substance and it is important to know its
composition.
4. Composition of air and what it depends on.
5. Relationship between air and surrounding world.
III. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие инфинитив и
предложения с причастием 1, укажите их функции. Предложения
переведите.
IV. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог; напишите форму инфинитива. Предложения переведите. (См. образец 3).
1. Robert Koch showed that specific diseases are caused by specific
microorganisms.
2. The drug is being monitored for possible complications.
3. Our scientists made great attempts in search of new cardiac drugs
last year.
V. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните глагол “to do” и определите является ли он смысловым, вспомогательным или словом -заместителем.
Предложения переведите.
1. The researcher often does many experiments to obtain good results.
2. The doctor works in the health care system as pharmacist does.
3. They do not often use drugs for headache.
VI. Выпишите предложения, где конструкции с глаголами
«to have», «to be » выражают долженствование, предложения переведите.
1. New drugs have to be tested for safety and efficacy.
2. The liver has many functions vital to the body.
3. The tablets are to be taken during or after meal with a little liquid.
4. Plants are highly important sources of food for man.
5. This drug is indicated after the consultation with the physician.
VII. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом придаточное предложение; подчинительный союз или союзное слово обведите кружком; при бессоюзном подчинении укажите на место, где мог бы находиться опущенный союз. Предложения переведите. (См. образец 4).
1. An element is a substance which consists of only one kind of atom.
2. Only few scientists of that time knew that Mendeleyev had discovered the Periodic law.
3. The new medicine the doctor speaks about has beneficial therapeutic effect.
4. Researchers know the investigation of these phenomena will get good results.
5. Pharmacist who works at the chemist’s department is called pharmacist-technologist.
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